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United States

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United States of America (fr)
United States of America (en)
Flag of the United States Great Seal of the United States
( Flag of the United States ) ( Great Seal of the United States )
Motto : " In God We Trust (official) ("In God we trust

The American English is the de facto language of American government.
The English is the official language in 28 of 50 states , 19.7% of the population speaks another language at home, the Spanish (12.2%) being the most common, after the Chinese (0 , 87%), the Tagalog (0.53), the French (0.47%) and Vietnamese (0.43%).

Capital Washington, DC
38 53 'N, 77 02' W
Largest city New York
Form of State Republic Federal
- President
- Vice-President 		Barack Obama
Joe Biden
Area
- Total
- Water (%) 		Ranked 4 th
9,629,048 km 2
2.20%
Population
- Total ( 2010 )
- Density 		Ranked 3 rd
308 745 538 Hab.
31.15 inhabitants / km 2
Independence
- Declared
- Recognized 		From Great Britain
4 July 1776
3 September 1783
Demonym U.S.
see Ethnonyms U.S.
GDP (PPP) ( 2008 ) 14 264 milliards ( 1 )
GDP (nominal) ( 2010 ) 14 510 milliards ( 1 )
HDI ( 2010 ) increasing 0.902 (very high) ( 4th )
Currency U.S. Dollar ( USD )
Time Zone UTC -5 to -10
National anthem The Star-Spangled Banner
Internet domain . Us
Indicative
Telephone 		+1


The United States, in long form the United States of America , in English or are a republic constitutional federal to presidential system of North America.

The United States is a union of 50 states , 48 of which are adjacent to each other and located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean from east to west, and bordered on the north by Canada and south by the Mexico. The last two states are the Alaska , located in western Canada, and Hawaii , an island state located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. In addition, the country includes fourteen island territories scattered around the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific. Federal Capital, Washington , is located in the District of Columbia , federal district out of 50 states.

The United States has in 2010 more than 308 million inhabitants and is the third most populous country in the world behind China and India . The area of the United States is 9,629,048 square kilometers, making it the fourth largest country in the world behind Russia , Canada and China . Immigration is very abundant and the population is among the world's most diverse ethnically and culturally. The national economy is the largest in the world with the GDP the highest in the world.

While the Declaration of Independence of the United States was proclaimed on 4 July 1776 by the thirteen colonies established in British North America, the United States gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1783 ( Treaty of Paris ) after the American Revolutionary War , then adopted the Constitution of the United States in 1787 at the Philadelphia Convention. The Bill of Rights (Bill of Rights) is for its ratification by the first Congress of the United States in 1791.

The development of the territory took place mainly in the nineteenth century with the conquest of Western and Indian wars , but also through bilateral agreements made with other European nations and North America.

In 1865 , the Civil War ended in favor of Northern States , protectionist and egalitarian face of the South , free trade and slavery. The Spanish-American War of 1898 and the First World War have subsequently confirmed the country's military power. Since the Second World War , the hegemony of the United States is a superpower , especially during the Cold War.

The United States are members of the Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO), the Economic Cooperation Asia-Pacific (APEC), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of the Organization of American States (OAS), the ANZUS , the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the G8 , and permanent members of Security Council UN.

Summary

Legal

In 1507, the cartographer Lorraine Martin Waldseemller produced a world map showing the southern region of the western hemisphere. He then entered the feminized name "America" in honor of the browser Florentine Amerigo Vespucci , Amerigo knowing that is the equivalent Italian name of Germanic origin of Aymeric , southern variant of Henry.

The country's name was suggested by Thomas Paine and adopted first by the Thirteen Colonies of the British Empire in the Declaration of Independence of the United States on 4 July 1776.

The short form designation - for use in everyday life, teaching and mapping - this country is "United States" (in English United States, abbreviated as U.S.) and the long form - to use in official documents - is "United States of America" (in English United States of America, abridged USA). The long form "United States of America" does not look like the vast majority of long forms that start with "Republic of", "Kingdom of", etc.. Instead, it is close to that of neighboring countries, the United Mexican States. In France and in many other countries, the country is also referred to in short form, in common parlance , but also sometimes in official speeches , by the informal term for America . In English, the short form "America" is widely used, including in official discourse .

French in everyday language, the country is also sometimes referred to as "the U.S.", "USA", "the States" or "States" (the latter in Quebec ).

History

Pre-Columbian period (before 1492)

The human presence is attested in Alaska to 20,000 BC. AD , about 16 000 years BC. AD on the Atlantic coast and to 13 000 BC. AD on the site Clovis ( New Mexico ). The first inhabitants of the United States today descend from peoples prehistoric came from Asia who crossed the Bering Strait during the last glaciation there are 30,000 or 40,000 years . Several civilizations relatively advanced ( Anasazi , Mound Builders , Mississippi civilization ) have succeeded in the area and have mysteriously disappeared before the arrival of Europeans.

Colonial period (1492-1775)

Map of North America around 1775
The New France , an important part of the United States today.

Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas in 1492 and then explores the current Puerto Rico next year. In the sixteenth century , European powers in search of the Northwest Passage and wealth, then navigate settled along the Atlantic coast. Here is a succession of colonial Spanish, English, French, Dutch and Scandinavian more or less permanent. Institutions the most famous and oldest are those of St. Augustine ( Florida , 1565 ), Jamestown ( 1607 ) and Plymouth (founded by the Pilgrims Puritans in 1620 ). South-west, the Spanish enlarged the New Spain by conducting expeditions from Mexico. North-west, the Russians settled along the coast Pacific. Whites make contact and do business with Aboriginal people. But the Indians do not resist epidemics brought by Europeans ( smallpox , measles ), other acculturation (alcohol, firearms), the massacres and the colonial wars.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries formed gradually thirteen colonies of the British east coast, the ancestors of the United States (map). Colonization is provided by companies and a system of charters. The French explored the valley of the Mississippi and founded the Louisiana. North America is rapidly becoming an issue between the colonial powers: England provides little by little his supremacy by winning the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the War of the Conquest ( 1763 ) against France, losing his possessions in the east of the Mississippi (map). The stand is mainly by migrants and the British slave trade. The slaves are black employees in the plantations of tobacco in the south but also for infrastructure development. Around 1775 , the thirteen colonies are thriving and have more than two million inhabitants.

Revolution, independence and new institutions (1775-1800)

The declaration of independence. By John Trumbull , 1817-18

In the course of the 1770s , American settlers opposed to increasing their metropolis: London denied Indian lands west of the mountains Appalachians. The taxes are increased while the American subjects are not represented in the English Parliament. The system of exclusive lese merchants from the east coast. New troops are sent to America and settled in a revolutionary climate New England , to Philadelphia and Virginia. In 1770 , British soldiers fired on protesters ( Boston Massacre ). In December 1773 , settlers destroyed a cargo of tea ( Boston Tea Party ): the war broke out the following year.

The insurgents are sending representatives to the Continental Congress that approved the Declaration of Independence of the United States on 4 July 1776. This text, written mainly by Thomas Jefferson , proclaimed the principles of freedom , of equality and right to happiness. During the war, thousands of loyalists fleeing the country. The U.S. Army , commanded by George Washington , eventually defeating the English with the backing of France, the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 and spent the sovereignty and the birth of the United States.

The Second Continental Congress , which ratified the Articles of Confederation in 1781 , wrote the U.S. Constitution to the Philadelphia Convention in 1787. This text, which are added ten amendments ( Bill of Rights ) in 1791 , remains today the foundation of democracy America. George Washington was selected as the first U.S. president in 1789. The institutions settle permanently in Washington (District of Columbia) in 1800.

Conquest of the West, industrialization and the end of slavery (1800-1917)

Process of joining the Union of several States
Battle of Fredericksburg (1862)

American history in the nineteenth century was marked by four major issues: the conquest of the West , the slavery in the South, the industrialization and immigration.

The U.S. is growing steadily westwards through purchases ( Louisiana to France in 1803 , Alaska to Russia in 1867 ) and conflict. Driven by the doctrine of " Manifest Destiny "and the" Myth of the Frontier , "the Americans are the Native Americans to war and despoil their land. The war against Mexico ( 1 846 - 1,848 ) and the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo leads the annexation of Texas then to California. The Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) defines the route of the border between Canada and the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. The gold rush in the mid-nineteenth century accelerated white settlement of the West. Finally, the construction of the first transcontinental railroad ( 1869 ) facilitates the integration of new territories. The conquest of the West ends with the massacre at Wounded Knee ( 1890 ), the annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) and the entry of Arizona into the Union ( 1912 ).

While the slave trade was abolished at federal level in 1808 and the Northern states abolished slavery between 1777 and 1804 , the planters of the South continued to defend the institution. In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln , candidate of the antislavery party, wins the presidential election, seven slave states seceded and are then form the Confederate States of America. The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 1861) marks the beginning of the civil war which caused 970,000 casualties (3% of the U.S. population), including 620,000 soldiers . After the Union victory in 1865 , three new constitutional amendments are voted to abolish slavery, freeing four million slaves , give them citizenship and voting rights. But Jim Crow laws introduce the racial segregation in the South, even in the years 1950-1960. The Civil War also resulted in strengthening the federal government .

The industrialization starts from the 1850 / A>. It causes dramatic demographic, economic and social gains. It changes the geography of the country. The U.S. cities are multiplying and growing rapidly. The immigration is accelerating and diversifying. The industrial revolution gave birth to a proletariat and Urban accompanies the birth of capitalism. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the second industrial revolution saw the emergence of consumer society and the automobile. The first skyscrapers were built in the inner cities of Chicago and New York.

The United States needs throughout the nineteenth century itself on the international stage. Thus, the United Kingdom is trying in vain to regain sovereignty over the territory during the American War of 1812. The country won the Spanish-American War in 1898 : Puerto Rico and the Philippines came under control of Washington.

Rising to the rank of superpower country through war (1917-1991)

Migrant Mother , photograph by Dorothea Lange (1936)
Ronald Reagan (1981)
Buzz Aldrin on the Moon (1969)

Especially the First World War who will spend U.S. power. In the twentieth century , the United States become the leading economic power, cultural, political and military world. First neutral at the beginning of the First World War , the country working alongside the Allies on 2 April 1917 and reverses the power relationship. The U.S. Congress refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles (1919) and integrate the League of Nations , faithful to the principle of isolationism. The period between the wars is primarily a period of material prosperity and cultural ferment known as the " Roaring Twenties ". Women and Indians win the right to vote. This is also the time of Prohibition.

Then the Great Depression of 1929 following the crash on Wall Street causes a rise in unemployment. The Dust Bowl and affecting the south and increasing misery of the peasants. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected in 1932 and proposed a New Deal ("New Deal") to combat the crisis, laying the foundations of the welfare state. Unemployment does not go away completely as during the Second World War. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 entry into the war caused the United States in the camp of the Allies against the Axis. The U.S. military plays an important role in the liberation of Western Europe and during the Pacific campaigns. In August 1945 , President Harry S. Truman decided to send two atomic bombs to surrender the Japanese Empire. The United States became a superpower along with the USSR. The UN Charter was signed in June 1945 in San Francisco , laid the foundation of the UN , whose General Assembly seat in New York.

In the years following the conflict, the United States faced in leading capitalist camp against the Soviet Union: the Cold War when two opposing political and economic models. In order to contain the communism , Washington operates in Europe ( Marshall Plan , Berlin , creation of NATO ) and Asia ( Korean War , Vietnam War , War in Afghanistan ). In the same vein, in 1949 , Harry S. Truman says his willingness to help underdeveloped countries improve their standard of living by industrialization , through the provision of technical knowledge of the United States . The new policy of Ronald Reagan ( 1 981 - 1989 ) was a success both in the country, with Reaganomics , and abroad, where it fosters relationships, particularly with the USSR , and lowers arms. It is generally perceived as the victor of the Cold War.

The "New World Order" (1991-2011)

In 2001 , the United States for the first time since 1941, attack on their territory.
Swearing in Barack Obama, January 20, 2009 , becoming the 44th President of the United States

Since the end of the Cold War and the dismantling of the Soviet Union in 1989-1991, the United States is the only superpower in the world. The country engages in diplomatic relations at the Middle East , and participates in the Gulf War (1990-1991). The presidency of Bill Clinton ( 1 993 - 2001 ) will be marked by the wars of Yugoslavia , by case Monica Lewinsky , the bursting of the dotcom bubble and continued economic growth.

George W. Bush came to power in 2001 after one of the most controversial elections in history. On September 11 of that year, the United States are victims of a wave of attacks Islamist terrorists who killed nearly three thousand. In response, Washington began a " War against terrorism "in Afghanistan and then Iraq ( war in Afghanistan and Iraq war ). In 2005 , the south was hit hard by Katrina , one of the hurricane 's most devastating in the history of the United States. From 2007 , the country is hit by an economic crisis and financial , caused by the subprime crisis and become global. Large companies like Lehman Brothers and General Motors are in bankruptcy.

In 2008 , Barack Obama is elected as first president Afro-American country, taking over from outgoing President George W. Bush became unpopular . Its policy contrasts with his predecessor, especially on the domestic front, where he succeeded in passing a reform of the health system. At the same time, the emergence of China as potential superpower already appears likely to challenge the monopoly of the term United States . In 2010 , while the country remains in economic crisis, the Gulf of Mexico and the southern beaches are affected by the worst oil spill that the country has seen after the explosion of an oil rig in BP.

Politics

The first page of the United States Constitution (1787)
The White House , the executive branch.
The Capitol, the legislative branch.
The Supreme Court, the judiciary.

The United States is a republic federal presidential bicameral. The form of government is that of representative democracy : the right to vote is granted to U.S. citizens over 18 years and it is not mandatory.

U.S. citizens are governed at three levels: federal capital from Washington, DC , the level of federal states and local ( counties , municipalities ). Currency, foreign policy, military and foreign trade within the federal government. The country consists of fifty Federated States that have full sovereignty in many areas: justice, education, transport, etc.. Each of the 50 states has its own flag, its governor, its Congress and its government. The legislation differs from one district to another.

The U.S. Constitution is the oldest modern constitution still in force (1787). Supplemented by the Bill of Rights and numerous amendments , it guarantees individual rights to U.S. citizens. To be adopted, an amendment must receive the approval of three fourths of the states.

The three powers (legislative, executive and judicial) are separate:

  • The executive power is ensured by the president and vice president. They are all elected for four years by indirect universal suffrage. Each state is represented by its college of electors whose number is roughly proportional to the number of people in the state in question. Since 1951 , the President may exercise only two terms. The President is the Commander in Chief , but can not declare war. He resides in the White House and has a veto on bills. He appoints the members of his cabinet and direct the U.S. Government. Barack Obama was elected president of the United States in November 2008 (his term began on January 20 2009 ).
  • The legislature returns to a Congress composed of two chambers, the Senate and House of Representatives , serving on Capitol Hill. The House of Representatives has 435 members, elected in districts (congressional district) for a term of two years. The number of members depends on the demographic weight of countries: the least populated send a representative to Congress, while California has 53. Each state elects two senators for six years, regardless of its population. The Senate is renewed by thirds every two years.
  • The Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal court system. Composed of nine judges for life chosen by the president with the consent of the Senate, she interprets the laws and checks their constitutionality.

Political life is dominated by two parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Republican Party, founded in 1854 , is regarded as conservative or right, its symbol is the elephant and the color red. The Democratic Party is called in English Liberal and graded in the center or center-left, its animal is the donkey and the color blue. Among the smaller parties include the Green Party and the Communist Party. The states of Northeast, the Great Lakes and the west coast are considered more progressive than those in the South and Rocky Mountains.

States

The United States is composed of 50 states and one Federal District , the District of Columbia. Forty-eight contiguous states - all states except the Alaska and Hawaii - are called contiguous United States or " lower 48 "and occupied most of central North America. Alaska is separated from the contiguous U.S. by Canada, and together they form the continental United States. Hawaii, the fiftieth state, is located in the Pacific.

The map shows the cons 50 states, territories and highlights areas of the United States Census. The District of Columbia does not appear.

In addition to the territories named on the card, the U.S. also include many other territories. The Palmyra Atoll is an unincorporated territory , but it is uninhabited. The Minor Outlying Islands United States are inhabited islands and atolls of the Pacific and the Caribbean Sea. In addition, since 1898, the U.S. Navy has established a major naval base in Guantanamo Bay in Cuba.

Geography

  • Reliefs

  • Topographic map with satellite images

  • Mapping

  • Average annual rainfall

  • Wind

  • Major cities

  • Densities

Click on a thumbnail to enlarge

General Characteristics

The Mount McKinley , the highest point of the United States ( Alaska )
The Death Valley contains the lowest point of the United States ( California )

The United States is the fourth largest country (9,631,417 sq km) behind the Russian , the Canada and China . With 7% of the landmass of the planet, the size of American territory is comparable to the European continent and is 17 times that of metropolitan France. States of Alaska and Texas are bigger than France. Located in North America , the 48 states in one piece (sometimes called "Mainland" or "continental U.S."), whose shape evokes a pentagon stretch over four time zones. 4 500 km separate the coast Atlantic east coast and pacific west . He must travel 2500 km to connect Canada to Mexico. The United States has 12,034 km of land borders , 8893 km with Canada (including 2 477 km with Alaska ), 3141 km with Mexico and 28 km with Cuba ( naval base at bay Guantnamo ). The total length of the U.S. coast is 19 924 km.

Across Missouri - Mississippi River travels more than 6000 km in the Mainland, the equivalent of being the Amazon in South America. The last two federal states are Hawaii , an island volcano in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, western Canada. North-eastern Caribbean , the island of Puerto Rico is a commonwealth state: it is also the largest and most populous a href = "% C3% Territoire_non_incorpor A9_des_% C3% 89tats United" alt = "Unincorporated Territory of the United States"> U.S. territories.

The culmination of the country, Mount McKinley (6,194 meters) is located in Alaska. Off Alaska, the main peak is Mount Whitney in California (4421 meters). The lowest altitude is the Badwater in the National Park Death Valley in California (- 86 m).

Main peaks of the United States are very unevenly distributed in the area (average density: 31 inhabitants per km ). Half the population is concentrated in the east of the 100th meridian with the Megalopolis of BosWash , along the Great Lakes (Chicago / Detroit / Milwaukee / Cleveland), the Appalachians and the Atlantic coast. Beyond the 100th meridian, the low densities for historical reasons (the settlement was made from east to west) and natural (drought). The Pacific coast is more dense with the axis of California (San Francisco / Los Angeles) and Puget Sound (Seattle / Portland).

Americans focus on the coasts, including those of the Great Lakes. To the west of the 100th meridian to the Pacific coast and Alaska , densities are generally low, except in some remote towns and California. The latter is the most populous state in the United States and continues to attract internal and external migration.

Towns and urban population

Over three quarters of the population is urban. The United States is in third place worldwide for the urban population in absolute terms . Over 30% of Americans live in a metropolis of more than five million inhabitants . These are recent settlements and structured networks. Their economic impact is considerable for the country. They experience difficulties with immigration, social change and globalization.

The megalopolis of BosWash , a group of urban areas in the north-east, extends 800 miles between Boston and Washington, DC via New York.

List of major cities:

Rank City Population
limits
the common 		Density
per km 		Area
Metropolitan 		Region Illustration
million rank
1 New York City , New York 8 214 426 10 194,2 25,0 1 North East NYC-Skyline-1.jpg
2 Los Angeles , California 3 849 378 3 041,2 18,5 2 West Echo Park lake.jpg
3 Chicago , Illinois 2 853 114 4 922,9 11,4 3 Midwest MichiganAveFromMilleniumPark ChicagoIL.jpg
4 Houston , Texas 2 144 491 1 301,8 5,6 12 South From Houston Westheimer.JPG
5 Phoenix , Arizona 1 512 986 1 074,1 4,0 14 West Phoenix Arizona Skyline USA.jpg
6 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1 448 394 4 337,3 6,3 7 North East Philadelphia skyline August 2007.jpg
7 San Antonio , Texas 1 296 682 1 084,4 1,9 33 South TorchFriendship & SAnightskyline.jpg
8 San Diego , California 1 256 951 1 456,3 2,9 17 West Sandiego 1 bg 071302.jpg
9 Dallas , Texas 1 232 940 1 339,7 6,3 8 South Dallas Downtown.jpg
10 San Jose , California 953 679 2 003,1 1,7 30 West SJPan.jpg

Distribution activities

The regions most dynamic and most attractions are located in the Sun Belt. The conversion of the North-East of the country allows him to take an important role.

See also: List of cities in the United States ~ List of botanical gardens in the United States ~ Environmental Policy United States ~ Transportation in the U.S.

Foreign Policy

The United States exert economic and political influence on the world. They are a permanent member of Security Council UN and the city of New York hosts the UN headquarters. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, DC and several consuls across the country. Similarly, almost all countries hosting an American diplomatic mission. By contrast, Cuba , the Iran , the North Korea , the Bhutan , the Sudan and the Republic of China (Taiwan) have no formal diplomatic relations with the United States.

The United States enjoy a special relationship with the United Kingdom and close links with Australia , the New Zealand (under the ANZUS ), the South Korea , the Japan , Israel , and members of NATO. They also work closely with their neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the Trilateral Agreement Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. In 2005, the U.S. spent 27 billion in official development assistance , most around the world. However, as a share of gross national income (GNI), the U.S. contribution represents 0.22% and in the twentieth row of twenty-two donor countries. Non-governmental sources such as private foundations, corporations, and educational and religious institutions provide for a total of 96 billion dollars. The combined total is 123 billion dollars, the largest in the world and seventh in percentage of GNI .

Armed Forces

The U.S. military influence in the world. The president holds the title of commander in chief of the nation, armed forces and appoints its leaders, the Secretary of Defense and those of the Joint Chiefs of Joint Staffs. The Department of Defense United States administers the armed forces including the army , the navy , the Marine Corps , and Air Force. The Coast Guard is headed by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and the Navy Department in time of war. In 2005, the military had 1.38 million personnel on active duty , in addition to hundreds of thousands in the Reserve and National Guard for a total of 2.3 million soldiers. The Department of Defense also employs approximately 700,000 civilians, not counting those contractors. Military service is voluntary, though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System. U.S. forces can be deployed rapidly by the Air Force because of its large fleet of transport planes and refueling aircraft, the United States Navy consists of eleven aircraft carriers, and Marine Expeditionary Units at sea all the world's oceans. Outside the U.S. armed forces are deployed on 770 bases and installations on all continents except Antarctica , .

The total military expenditures of the United States in 2006, more than 528 billion dollars, accounted for 46% of global official military spending and greater than the sum of fourteen largest military budgets combined. (In terms of purchasing power parity , this corresponds to the next six) per capita expenditures were 1 756, approximately ten times the world average . At 4.06% of GDP, military spending in the United States are ranked 27th out of 172 nations . The basic proposal for the military budget for 2009 is 515.4 billion representing an increase of 7% over 2008 and nearly 74% more than in 2001 . The estimated cost of the Iraq war for the United States until 2016 is 2.267 trillion . Dated October 17, 2008, engaged in two major military operations, the U.S. has suffered during the Iraq war losses of 4185 soldiers killed and more than 30,000 wounded and 615 killed during the war of Afghanistan since 2001 .


Economy

General Situation

U.S. economy
Economic Indicators
GDP 14 266 milliards ( 2009 )
GDP per capita. ( PPP ) 46 442 ( two thousand and nine )
Unemployment 9.9% ( April 2010 )
Growth of GDP - 2.4% ( 2008 - 2009 )
Inflation ( CPI ) 2.3% ( March 2009 - March 2010 )
Public debt 84% of GDP ( 2010 )
Poverty 13.2% ( 2008 )
Value of money
Exchange rate
(For 1 ) 		1.2517 ( 20 April 2010 )
Exchange rate
(For 1 ) 		1.4379 ( 20 April 2010 )
Exchange rate
(1 to ) 		0.0112 ( 20 April 2010 )

The United States has a mixed economy in which the public sector in 2007 represents 12.4% of GDP . They have since the mid-twentieth century the world's largest economy. According to the International Monetary Fund , the United States produces more than 14 500 billion, more than 19% of all the wonders of the world . In 2006, U.S. GDP was slightly lower than the European Union at purchasing power parity . The country ranks eighth in the world for GDP per capita and fourth in purchasing power parity . The rate of unemployment is relatively low, usually between 3 and 5% of the workforce. But the economic crisis of 2008 led to a rise in unemployment so that the rate reached 6.5% in November 2008 (according to the ILO ) , and 9.9% in April 2010 . U.S. GDP grew by 32% between 2000 and 2008 while the federal government budget is spent during the same period of 1798 billion to 2931 billion dollars, an increase of nearly 40% .

The most dynamic sectors are chemicals , the computer , the aerospace industry , the health , the biotech and defense industries, even if the lead has shrunk since the end of the Second World War. The main point of this post-industrial economy remains the tertiary sector (retail, financial services and banking, insurance, film production, tourism ...), which accounts for 75% of GDP.

The United States is the largest importer of goods and the second exporter behind the German. The Canada , the Chinese , the Mexico , the Japan and Germany are the main trading partners . The trade balance is U.S. deficit, especially with China. Electrical equipment is the main export and the country imports many motor vehicles . The NYSE ( New York Stock Exchange ) are the first in the world.

Wall Street in New York , a symbolic place in the U.S. economy

The public debt is the highest American in the world: in 2005 it represented 23% of the world . The United States ranks 35th out of 120 countries for the debt to GDP .

Several advantages explain the power of the U.S. economy: the U.S. is huge, well endowed in mineral resources (second largest producer of coal , oil , natural gas , gold , copper ...) and agricultural products. It is located between the two great oceans of the planet, the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. It is also well controlled by a transmission varied ( Great Lakes , railroads , ports , airports ) and dense. The population is cosmopolitan and mobile. The mean life is hard, even if social inequalities are important. The dollar and the English language have international influence. The federal government invests a relatively large share of GDP in research and does not hesitate to show protectionist. The multinational U.S. are present on all continents and contribute to the country's economic strength. The United States is at the heart of the NAFTA , a regional organization that promotes the free movement of goods and capital.

In 2005, the workforce is 155 million employees, 80% work full time . 79% of the U.S. labor force works in services . With about 15.5 million people, the health and welfare sectors are occupying most of the jobs . The unionization rate is 12% against 30% in Western Europe . Labour mobility is high and paid vacations are shorter than in other industrialized countries. The United States maintains one of the productivities of labor the highest in the world.

Federal government economic policy

In early 1990, President Bill Clinton launched a very active policy of economic intelligence , called the policy of advocacy (advocacy policy ). The effectiveness of this policy is the ability to obtain, exchange and exploitation of information between a multitude of actors and decision makers, federated by networks of interest / A> and connivance. The perception of the world of these actors is definitely electronic and field of vision is a world under American control. The way is the closest possible control of complex information-media because it confers power. The effectiveness of this strategy is largely due to the strong relationship between the public sector, private sector and civil society .

The U.S. government has also established a longstanding policy very protectionist in relation to government purchases of U.S. government (see Procurement section of U.S. protectionism section ).

Key figures

Some recent figures:

  • GDP per capita at PPP in 2004: 39 498
  • Investment (GFCF, 2004): 19.6% of GDP
  • Research and development (% of GDP in 2003): 2.6%
  • Inflation rate (2005): 3.4%
  • Distribution of population (in% in 2004)
    • Primary sector: 1.7%
    • Secondary sector: 20.8%
    • Tertiary sector: 77.4%
  • The U.S. economy created 2 million new jobs by 2005
  • Cumulative trade deficit in May 2007: 296 billion
  • See also: North American Free Trade Agreement
  • See the paragraph about the U.S. economy and major cities.

Company

General Characteristics

Main article: American Society.
American Society
Average
(In constant per household) 		46 326 2005
HDI 0.951 2008
Gini coefficient 46,9 2005
Poverty 12.6% to 3.3% 2005

The United States is a wealthy, developed country with strong social inequalities. The HDI is 0.951 in 2005 and ranks twelfth in the country's most developed state of the planet. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the average gross income was 46,326 dollars in 2005 . It is the highest in the country in New Jersey ( 60,246) and lowest in Mississippi ( 34,396) . At purchasing power parity , these income levels are comparable to those of other developed countries. In 2006, 10% of richest households concentrated almost 50% of income . The percent received by the richest 23% . This last category has received between 2002 and 2006 three quarters of income growth. The share of Americans living below the poverty line rose slightly during the two terms of George W. Bush.

Social Protection

Social protection in the United States covering 90% of the U.S. population . Since the New Deal and the creation of the welfare state (welfare state), the government is implementing several programs to help disadvantaged people: Medicare , Medicaid , Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) for at-home mothers, Early Childhood Intervention and SCHIP for children in difficulty, SSI for aged, blind and disabled , Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) for more poor Old-Age, Survivors, Disability and Health Insurance (OASDHI) for unemployed workers and widows, etc..

In 2000 , 180 million Americans benefited from the social security. The distribution system of social assistance is pluralistic and decentralized : the federal government gives a fixed to the 50 federal states. Social protection depends on the situation of the individual: the insurance is not mandatory. The federal organization of the United States leads the geographical inequalities with respect to social spending and redistribution. The philosophy is that the most dominant social insurance is the full employment : the various successive governments seek primarily to maintain economic growth and lower unemployment. Contrary to popular belief, the plight of the poor can not be indifferent to the U.S. . Poverty is widely supported by Americans as part of charities (more than 650,000 across the country), religious organizations and institutions, philanthropic , and the United States the first country to volunteer : 93 million Americans the practice to varying degrees. It involves mainly pensioners and women. American volunteerism is particularly developed in the arts and promotes the functioning of many cultural institutions.

In 2005 , the pension system got more than half of their income to two thirds of retired U.S. . The U.S. pension system is complex: Social Security is a federal pension calculated based on years worked, contributions and the inflation. In the late 1990s, the federal government spent 289 billion for the mandatory pension system . Pensions are paid by large corporations and governments. Finally, the funded pension plans is in retirement savings and pension funds. The poorest pensioners receive additional federal aid (OASDHI) and care (Medicare).

Demography

Demographics U.S.
Population
(Million inhab.) 		309 2010
Density
(Inhabitants / km ) 		33,2 2008
Growth
rate (%) 		6.4 2000-2006
Life expectancy
(Years) 		Men: 75.6
Women: 80.8
Population: 78.1 		2007
Population
65 + 		12.4% 2005
Fertility Rate 2.04 2004
Birth rate
(For 1000) 		14,2 2008
Mortality Rate
(For 1000) 		8,34 2008
Mortality Rate
infant (per 1,000) 		6,63 2004
Migration rate
(For 1000) 		3,41 2004
Median Age
(Years) 		36.7 2008
White non-Hispanics (%) 65.6 2008
Blacks (%) 12.8 2008
Asian (%) 4.5 2008
Hispanic (%) 15.4 2008

With over 300 million since 2006, the population of the United States represents about 4.5% of world population. According to the Census Bureau , as of 1April 2010 the resident population of the United States amounted to 308,745,538 .

The U.S. population grew by 27.3 million, or 9.7% since the 2000 census. The annual population growth is 0.89% . Its fertility rate is 2.05 children per woman . The number of illegal immigrants is estimated at 12 million, or 4% of the total population . In 2006, 1.27 million immigrants received legal residence card. Mexico is their first country of origin after two decades since 1998, China , the India and the Philippines .

In 2009, the five most populous states were California (about 37 million inhabitants), Texas (about 25 million), the State of New York (about 19.5 million), Florida (about 18.5 million) and Illinois (13 million) . Seven states had populations below 1 million: in decreasing order, the Montana , the Delaware , the South Dakota , the Alaska , the North Dakota , the Vermont , and Wyoming , which is the State least populated with less than 550 000 inhabitants . Finally, the census of 2000 shows that the ten most populous states contain 54% of the population, while 3% of the population lives within ten smallest states. In 2000, the South (100.2 million, or 36% of the population) and West (63.2 million, or 22% of the population) had over half the total population. They are now more populated than the Northeast (53.6 million, or 19% of the population), the historical center of the settlement and the industrial revolution. Since the 1950s , there was a shift in the center of gravity of the country since the Northeast (which housed 26% of the population in 1950) to the southwest. These are indeed the western states and South have the highest population growth. Thus, between 1980 and 1990, 54.3% of the national population growth has made to benefit the three states of California, Florida and Texas. This trend continued between 1990 and 2000, the rate of growth in the West have been 19.7% and 17.3% of South while it was 5.5% in the North-East ; Texas is now more populous than New York. Between 1990 and 2000, for the first time, all states have seen their population increase, most notably Nevada. As during the previous decade (+ 42%), he again recorded the growth rate higher (+66%). Arizona, Colorado and Utah show growth reaching over 30%.

Age Structure (2010 estimate ):

  • 0-14 years: 20.2% ( men : 31.6 million, women : 30.3 million);
  • 15-64 years: 67% (men: 102.6 million, women: 103.1 million);
  • + 65 years: 12.8% (men: 16.9 million, women: 22.5 million).

Demography of the United States differs in some respects from that of other industrialized and developed countries:

  • They are the first country in the world of immigration: in 1991 , they hosted more than 1.8 million immigrants, and in 2005, they officially have 36 million people born abroad, 12.4% population.
  • The birth rate is stronger and more dynamic than in other rich countries.
  • They are the third largest most populous country, behind China and India.
  • About one third of people now claim ancestral belonging to a minority.
  • There are about fifty cities of over one million inhabitants.
  • Eleven or twelve million illegal immigrants would work in the United States, mainly from Latin America.

Science and Culture

Main article: American Culture.
La Crosse at Hudson , in the Ohio

There are two types of culture in the United States: the high culture and popular culture. The first is not known, the second radius around the world through film, music, Internet.

American culture has a basic Anglo-Saxon, reflecting the historical origins of the country. The English is the language most spoken. However, the contributions of other cultures contribute to the United States a cultural melting pot:

  • the Native American heritage can be seen in certain words and names.
  • Hispanic influence is strong in California, New Mexico and Texas and several other major cities (New York, Miami, Florida, Hartford, Connecticut).
  • French influence, but mostly Acadian, is strong in Louisiana.
  • European immigrants have also marked the country's culture.

Science and technology

The MIT is one of the places of American research

Since the late nineteenth century, the United States is the world leaders for scientific research and innovative techniques. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell filed a patent for the invention of the telephone. The laboratory of Thomas Edison developed the phonograph , the incandescent lamp and one of the first cameras. In the early twentieth century, companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford are experimenting with new ways of producing vehicles automobiles. In 1903 , the Wright brothers to carry one of the first flights. The arrival in power of the Nazis in the early 1930s forced many European scientists to emigrate to the United States, such that Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi. During the Second World War , the Manhattan Project brought the world into the atomic age. The space race during the Cold War has produced important advances in the weapons and aerospace industry. This is the U.S. that were born the ARPANET and the Internet. The computer systems for network-centric warfare developed during the Iran-Iraq War have spread in most U.S. strategic enterprises, and ensure the domination by technological knowledge. The federal government provides support and strategic information for major U.S. companies won contracts to export . Today, scientific research and technology remains at the forefront especially in the field of GMOs , through substantial investment and renowned universities. A majority of Americans now have access to the internet, and 99% are owners of a station television (there are now more TVs than residents in an average household, not to mention the jobs that are becoming widespread in public places such as public transport, elevators or the halls of airports ).

Literature and Philosophy

The American writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

In the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century , American literature is influenced by the works and European authors .

There are also many regional cuisines and dishes: Kitchen Amish in Pennsylvania , Cajun cooking of Louisiana, country kitchen of the Old South (including the kitchen Virginia ), California or New England. This is the U.S. that are born fast food ( fast food ) and products of mass consumption, which are distributed worldwide ( Coca-Cola , etc.)..

Religion

Since the late eighteenth century , the religion was officially separated from the State and this principle is guaranteed by the Constitution (Article VI and the first amendment ). In the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, he never refers to God or Providence . However, he finds himself on the U.S. currency " In God We Trust "(meaning" In God we trust ") is the national motto since 1956 and was declared legally compatible with the Constitution . Nevertheless, the federal government does not subsidize any religious school in the name of religious freedom . Since 1962, prayer in schools is prohibited by Engel cons Vitale . Finally, we must not forget that the First Amendment guarantees non-interference of the state religion and freedom of worship.

American society places a strong emphasis on religion and spirituality: for example, can be found in each hotel room a Bible in the streets with flags and other stickers proclaiming sovereignty and mercy of Jesus , and the President U.S. does not hesitate to mention God in his speeches. It speaks often of "civil religion." The great diversity of churches and the dynamism they bring are largely explained by the country's history. Even today, the various churches are involved in social and political life of the nation. The atheism tends to progress in the U.S. : according to a poll Pew Forum in August 2007, Americans agnostics are 21% of the population or 63 million people . According to a survey in April 2009, the number of Americans without religion would amount to 15% . American Atheists organized into associations including the kipedia.org / w / index.php? title =% C3% Coalition_la AFque_pour_l% 27Am% C3% A9rique & action = edit & RedLINK = 1 "class =" new "title =" Coalition for America Secular (non-existent page) "> Secular Coalition for America is the most powerful. In universities, the Secular Student Alliance has some 146 offices on campuses across the country . The country ranks second behind Norway in the Winter Olympics , with 216 medals . Several American athletes have become famous throughout the world include, among others, the baseball player Babe Ruth , boxer Muhammad Ali , the tennis player John McEnroe , the athlete Carl Lewis , the basketball player Michael Jordan , golfer Tiger Woods or the swimmer Michael Phelps.

Among the most important sports events, there is the Super Bowl (American football final), the World Series (baseball final), the Indianapolis 500 (race car in the world famous), the U.S. Open , or New York Marathon.

Public Holidays

Public Holidays
Date French name American name Meaning
January 1 New Year's Day New Year's Day New year
Third Monday in January Martin Luther King Martin Luther King Day Birth of Martin Luther King , African-American pastor activist for black civil rights.
Third Monday in February Day George Washington. Washington's Birthday (commonly, President's Day). Birth of George Washington , first president of the United States (22 February), and Abraham Lincoln (February 12)
Last Monday in May Remembrance Day. Memorial Day Veterans Remembrance
July 4 Independence Day. Independence Day Commemoration of the Declaration of Independence of 1776.
First Monday in September Labour Day. Labor Day Celebrating the contribution of workers in the country, the first parade in 1882
Second Monday in October Columbus Day. Columbus Day Festival celebrated in honor of Christopher Columbus
November 11 Day veterans. Veterans Day Commemorating the end of the First World War.
Fourth Thursday in November Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving Thanks to God for the safe arrival in America in the Mayflower ship
December 25 Christmas Christmas Day. Nativity

Some days are holidays in one state but not in another: in California , for example, the Cesar Chavez Day (March 31) or the Native American Day (4th Monday in September), public schools may be closed.

Languages

Languages (2008)
English 227.4 million
Spanish , incl. Creole 34.6 million
Chinese 2.5 million
Tagalog 1.4 million
French , incl. Cajun 1.3 million
Vietnamese 1.2 million
German 1.1 million

Status of Languages

No legislation has been passed to clarify or official languages at the federal level. However, 30 of 50 states have passed such laws in favor of English as official language, and 28 of them are implementing the law today . In addition, the State of Hawaii is officially bilingual in English and Hawaiian. The State of New Mexico allows the use of two languages, the Spanish and English, but none are official. Similarly, the Louisiana allows the use of French and English.

In the island territories, the English language and one or two "native" are official: Spanish in Puerto Rico , the Samoan in American Samoa , the Chamorro on the island of Guam , the Chamorro and Carolinian in the CNMI.

The twenty-first century, the two main federal political parties do not seem inclined to pass legislation at the federal level because it poses the problem from becoming more important for Hispanics in some states. Debate English as the official language was considered by these parties as a formal dispute between the English-speaking voters and voters from a recent immigration. Pressure groups such as U.S. Franais Franais or First, attempt to impose English.

Louisiana

1968 : The Council for the Development of French in Louisiana (CODOFIL), state agency responsible for promoting French in Louisiana is created at the initiative of James Domengeaux , representative (MP) and French-speaking lawyer. Subsequently, the French gained a special status in the state (however, Louisiana has not been declared officially bilingual). The laws of 1968 in favor of the French Renaissance were voted unanimously by the House of Representatives and the Senate from Louisiana.

1971 : Edwin Edwards was the first governor of French Louisiana in the twentieth century.

Famous American personalities

Lists:

Symbols of the United States

Statistics

  • Military expenditures: 688 billion USD (estimated budget for 2010 )
  • Telephone lines: 150 million (in 2008)
  • Cell phones: 270 million (in 2008)
  • Radios: 575 million (in 1997)
  • Televisions: 219 million (in 1997)
  • Computers: 659 per 1 000 inhabitants
  • Internet users: 231 million (in 2008) . 15th worldwide in the proportion of population with access to broadband with 81.17 million subscribers (June 2009) .
  • Number of ISPs: 7800 (2000)
  • Highways: 6,465,799 km (4,209,835 tarred) (2007)
  • Railways: 226 427 km (2007)
  • Waterways: 41,009 km (2008)
  • Number of airports: 15,095 (including 5,174 with paved runways) (2009)

Codes

The U.S. codes are:

Notes and references

  1. (en) Motto: In God We Trust - Official translation on the website of the U.S. Embassy in Paris
  2. (en) Constitutional Topic: Official Language - USConstitution.net
  3. a and b (en) Franais Official States - First Franais
  4. Official figure of the Census Bureau United States published 21 December 2010.
  5. GDP at purchasing power parity , according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
  6. nominal GDP, according to the CIA.
  7. (en) Human Development Report 2010 United Nations. Table 1 P. 167 [pdf]
  8. Like most states, the United States has a short name for everyday use, educational and mapping, and a long name for official use. See also list of the world's # name, short and long
  9. It is located at 3 rd since the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.
  10. The People's Republic of China with Taiwan is more extensive than the United States, without Taiwan, China ranks fourth in the world
  11. countries and capitals of the world on 1 January 2006 , Committee on Names of the National Geographic Institute (IGN) of France
  12. How to Say No to Bush and thank you to America , Liberation, June 3, 2004
  13. Address by Frederic Mitterrand, minister of Culture and Communication, delivered at the launch of Operation The Belles Etrangres, the National Library of France
  14. Laurent Laplante - Reclaiming America?
  15. Barack Obama's promise to America , The Times, January 1, 2009
  16. On the sites of Old Crow and Bluefish read Philippe Jacquin, Daniel Royot, Go West! History of the American West of yesterday and today, Paris, Flammarion, 2002, p. 20
  17. (en) Peopling America , Smihtsonian Institute, National Museum of Natural History, June 2004. Accessed 24-11-2007
  18. The Vermont was the first to abolish slavery: read Jacques Binoche, History of the United States, Paris, Ellipses, 2003, p. 103; Nicole Bacharan , Should we be afraid of America?, Paris, editions of Seuil, 2005 ( ISBN 2-0207-9950-2 ), p. 117
  19. (en) Al Nofi, " Statistics on the War's Costs , "Louisiana State University. Accessed November 24, 2007
  20. (en) 1860 Census , U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed November 24, 2007 [pdf]
  21. Marshall L. De Rosa, The Politics of Dissolution: The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War, Edison, NJ: Transaction, 1997, p. 266 ( ISBN 1-5600-0349-9 )
  22. Harry Truman Speech on State of the Union in 1949
  23. Andr Kaspi, USA, 1968, year of challenges , Brussels, editor Andre Versaille , 2008
  24. Nouvel Observateur
  25. Colin S. Gray 1999 , p. 126
  26. With Taiwan
  27. J.-Y. Cleach [...], American Power, p. 104
  28. a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h and i Source: CIA - The World Factbook
  29. This list is not exhaustive, especially for Alaska which has many peaks above 4000 meters
  30. (en) U.S. POPClock Projection - U.S. Census Bureau
  31. C. Ghorra-Gobin, "From city to urban sprawl, the question metropolitan United States," Circles, 13, 2001
  32. C. Ghorra-Gobin, Cities and urban society in the United States, 2003, p. 104
  33. Americans Favor Private Giving, People-to-People Contacts , U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs, 2007. Accessed June 17, 2007
  34. Department of Defense Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A) , Global Policy Forum, December 31, 2005. Accessed June 21, 2007 [pdf]
  35. Ikenberry, G. John, " Illusions of Empire: Defining the New American Order , "Foreign Affairs, March / April 2004
  36. Kreisler, Harry, and Chalmers Johnson, " Conversations with History , "University of California at Berkeley, January 29, 2004. Accessed June 21, 2007
  37. The Fifteen Major Spender Countries in 2006 , Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Accessed June 20, 2007
  38. CIA, " Rank Order-Military Expenditures-Percent of GDP ", U.S. Dept. of S20tate, International Information Programs, May 31, 2007. Accessed June 13, 2007
  39. Budget of the United States Government, FY 2009, " Department of Defense , Office of Management and Budget. Accessed March 2, 2008
  40. Global Military Spending Hits 1.2 Trillion: Study , Reuterst, June 11, 2007. Accessed June 21, 2007
  41. Iraq Coalition Casualties , Iraq Coalition Casualty Count, October 17, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2008
  42. (en) iCasualties.org: Operation Enduring Freedom
  43. a , b , c and d (en) Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (180 Countries, 6 subjects) , International Monetary Fund. Accessed 17-06-2007
  44. a and b (in) Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Situation Summary , U.S. Dept.. of Labor. Accessed 09-01-2009
  45. (en) Consumer Price Index Summary , U.S. Dept.. of Labor, 17-10-2007. Accessed 13-11-2007
  46. Debt Statistics , U.S. Dept. of the Treasury. Retrieved on 2008-10-27
  47. Household Income Rises, Poverty Rate Unchanged, Number of Uninsured Down , U.S. Census Bureau, 2008-08-26. Retrieved on 2008-09-06 | |
  48. a , b and c (in) RTLinfo , Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Accessed 6 August 2009
  49. (en) Industry as a Percentage of GDP , Bureau of Economic Analysis. Accessed 31-05-2007
  50. (en) Rank Order-GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) , World Factbook, CIA, 15-11-2007. Accessed 04-12-2007
  51. (en) Unemployment (aggregate level and rate) in December 2008 , International Labour Organization , 2008. Accessed 22-01-2009 [pdf]
  52. (en) What financial leeway for Barack Obama?, Sylvie Matelly, Director of Research at IRIS
  53. (en) U.S. Top Trading Partners, 2006 , U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed 26-03-2007
  54. (en) Table 1289. U.S. Exports and General Imports by Selected SITC Commodity Groups: 2002 to 2005 , Statistical Abstract of the United States 2007, October 2006. Retrieved on 2007-08-26
  55. (en) Amadeo, Kimberly, " The U.S. Debt and How It Got So Big , "About.com. Accessed 07-07-2007
  56. (en) The World Factbook, " Rank Order-Public Debt , "CIA, 19-06-2007. Accessed 14-12-2009
  57. (en) Labor Force and Earnings, 2005 . Accessed 29-05-2007
  58. a , b and c (in) a href = "https: / / www.cia.gov / library / publications / the-world-factbook / geos / us.html" class = "external text" rel = "nofollow"> United States, The World Factbook, CIA , 31-05-2007. Accessed 15-06-2007
  59. (en) Statistical Abstract of the United States 2007, " Table 739. Establishments, Employees, and Payroll by Employment-Size Class and Industry: 2000 to 2003 , U.S. Census Bureau, October 2006. Accessed 26-08-2007
  60. (en) Thomas Fuller, " In the East, Many EU Work Rules Do not Apply ", International Herald Tribune, 15-06-2005. Accessed 28-06-2007
  61. Portal of the Advocacy Center
  62. Eric Denc and Claude Revel, another war U.S. economy: the secrets of a machine for conquest, SCC 71 A119
  63. Eric Denc and Claude Revel, another war U.S. economy: the secrets of a machine for conquest, pages 120-172
  64. a , b , c , d , e and f L'tat du monde 2006, Paris, La Dcouverte, 2005, page 362
  65. Pierre-Yves Dugua, "Dollar Weakness: America on sale for tourists" in Le Figaro , 13/07/2007, [ read online ]
  66. a , b and c (in) Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage In The United States: 2005 , U.S. Census Bureau, August 2006. Accessed 17-06-2007 [pdf]
  67. (en) Human Development Report 2007, " The Human Development Index-Going Beyond Income ", United Nations Development Program. Accessed 27-11-2007
  68. (en) Income 2005 . Accessed 19-06-2007
  69. (en) Emmanuel Saez, Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States (Preliminary Update using 2006 estimates) , March 15, 2008, p. 6 [pdf]
  70. Ibid., p. 7.
  71. Andr Kaspi, The United States today, Paris, Plon, 1999, p. 183
  72. A. Kaspi, F. Durpaire, H. Harter, A. Lherm, American Civilization, Paris, PUF, 2004, p. 108
  73. National Energy Assistance Referral - LIHEAP Clearinghouse
  74. A. Kaspi, F. Durpaire, H. Harter, A. Lherm, American Civilization, Paris, PUF, 2004, p. 112
  75. A. Kaspi, F. Durpaire, H. Harter, A. Lherm, American Civilization, Paris, PUF, 2004, p. 106
  76. a and b Frdric Martel , culture in America, Paris, Gallimard, 2006, ( ISBN 2070779319 ), p. 358
  77. Article from World , 21/01/2005, [ read online ]
  78. Andr Kaspi, The United States today, Paris, Plon, 1999, p. 183
  79. a , b , c , d , e and f (en) USA Quick Facts , U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed 10-12-2007
  80. (en) Stephen Kaufman, " U.S.: according to 2010 census, the movement continues to the south and west , "Gov. America, December 28, 2010. Accessed January 3, 2011
  81. (en) Jeffrey S. Passel, " The Size and Characteristics of The Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S. , "Pew Hispanic Center, 07-03-2006. Accessed 24-06-2007
  82. (en) United States: Top Ten Sending Countries, By Country of Birth, 1986 to 2006 (table available by menu selection) , Migration Policy Institute, 2007. Accessed 05-07-2007
  83. a and b (in) State & County QuickFacts - U.S. Census Bureau
  84. Eric Denc and Claude Revel, another war U.S. economy: the secrets of machnine conquest, page 58
  85. (en) Average home has more TVs Than People - USA Today , September 21, 2006
  86. Frdric Martel , culture in America, Paris, Gallimard, 2006, ( ISBN 2-0707-7931-9 ), p. 196
  87. a and b Helen Harter , America, Paris, The Blue Rider, collection ideas, 2001 ( ISBN 2-8467-0025-7 ), p. 30
  88. (en) See Aronow v. United States (en) and Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (fr)
  89. Guy Haarscher, Secularism, Paris, PUF, what do I know? 3rd edition, 2004 ( ISBN 2-1305-3915-7 ), p. 102
  90. a , b and c Laurie Goodstein, "Atheists and proud of it," in International Courier of 12-05-2009 [ read online ]
  91. Pew Forum survey conducted on 35,000 people between May and August 2007: Philippe Glie, Washington correspondent, Le Figaro , " The American mystic, religious and tolerant "on http://www.lefigaro.fr/ , 6.24 / 2008. Accessed June 25, 2008
  92. (en) All-Time Medal Standings, 1896-2004 , Information Please. Accessed November 25, 2007
  93. (en) All-Time Medal Standings, 1924-2006 , Information Please. Accessed November 25, 2007
  94. (en) Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011, " Table 53. Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2008 , Census Bureau United States, p. 50. Accessed February 15, 2011 [pdf]
  95. Roundels: United States - Roundels of the World
  96. (en) Military budget of the United States; estimate - Department of Defense [pdf]
  97. OECD Statistics on the penetration of broadband Internet access for June 2009 [xls]

Bibliography

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